Genre en action

Réseau international francophone pour l’égalité des femmes et des hommes dans le développement.

Accueil > Archives > Ressources > Idées reçues et enjeux sur le genre, par l’AFD

Idées reçues et enjeux sur le genre, par l’AFD

mardi 20 mai 2014, par Genre en Action

Le dernier numéro de "Question de Développement" (Synthèses des études et recherches de l’AFD - Agence Française du Développement) est consacré au genre : ce document fait le point sur les caractéristiques de l’approche "genre et développement" et du "gender mainstreaming".

Moins éduquées, plus pauvres, sans pouvoir de décision dans la sphère publique... Dans les années 1970, les femmes semblent "à la traîne" par rapport aux hommes. Ce constat des inégalités entre les sexes pousse les agences de développement à s’interroger sur ce "retard", et l’on en vient à considérer que la position économique et sociale des femmes dans les sociétés du sud appelle une réponse ciblée. Ainsi, "la première stratégie adoptée par les agences de développement a été de privilégier les femmes, à travers des projets « femmes » destinés à augmenter leur productivité et leurs revenus et rétablir ainsi un équilibre."

Mais on réalise au fil du temps que cette approche est simpliste et que les projets "femmes", qui par définition n’intègrent aucunement les hommes, peuvent causer indirectement une recrudescence des violences à l’égard des femmes, et donc une aggravation de leurs conditions de vie, car "les relations sociales de sexe sont généralement à la fois porteuses de relations de pouvoirs et enracinées dans un imaginaire et des systèmes de représentations".

A quoi sert la notion de genre ?

L’approche de genre permet de considérer les inégalités entre hommes et femmes non comme le synonyme d’un "retard de développement" des femmes, mais comme la marque de rapports sociaux entre les sexes, toujours défavorables aux femmes. La mise en évidence de cette construction sociale de la domination masculine invite alors à changer d’approche et à formuler des projets destinés non plus seulement aux femmes, mais à l’ensemble de la communauté, dans le but de travailler sur les rapports sociaux inégalitaires qui maintiennent les femmes dans des situations de précarité, de soumission et de vulnérabilité.
"Les inégalités homme-femme dans le monde résultent en grande partie de « rapports sociaux de sexe » inégalitaires, c’est à dire des rôles assignés aux hommes et aux femmes par la société, et non par leur « nature biologique ». Ces rôles ont historiquement toujours été défavorables aux femmes. « L’approche genre » analyse les rapports de pouvoir hommes-femmes fondés sur l’assignation de ces rôles."

Egalité de genre et développement : toujours liés ?

Il existe un lien fort entre le développement économique et la réduction des inégalités de genre (Duflo, 2012). Mais ce lien n’est pas systématique, comme le montrent certains exemples de pays très inégalitaires malgré de hauts revenus moyens par habitant.
Dire que le développement économique suffira à faire avancer la condition féminine est donc faux. En revanche, diminuer les inégalités de genre a un impact significatif sur le développement : quand l’égalité progresse, la productivité aussi, notamment dans le secteur agricole. L’éducation des filles, l’accès à la santé, aux ressources et aux opportunités sont autant d’investissements qui conduisent à une augmentation de la richesse nationale. Et ce qui est vrai au sud... l’est aussi au nord : "selon le dernier rapport de l’OCDE (2012), si les pays de l’OCDE éliminaient com- plètement les inégalités hommes-femmes pour ce qui est du taux d’activité d’ici 2030, leur produit intérieur brut (PIB) progresserait de 12 %."

Lire la synthèse :

Idées reçues et enjeux sur le genre (PDF, 315 Ko)

Messages

  • I got this site from my friend who told me on the topic oof this website and at the moment this time I am browsing this site and reading very informative posts here.

    Feel free to surf to myy web blog ... เว็บบอล888

  • Itss like you read my mind ! You appear to know a loot about this, like you wrote
    the biok inn it or something. I think that you could doo with some pics to drive
    the message home a little bit, but other than that, this is grwat blog.
    A great read. I will certainhly be back.

    my blog post บอลบอลออนไลน์

  • I know this web site provides quality dependent content and other material, is there any
    other web site which offers these data in quality ?

    my website : : เว็บพนันบอล

  • Nicee replies in return of this issue with firm
    arguments and explaining all regarding that.

    Take a look att my web pagye เว็บพนันบอล

  • Hello there, You have done an excellent job.
    I will definitely digg it and personally refommend to my
    friends. I’m sure they’ll be benefited from this site.

    Here is my webpage : : เว็บบอล888

  • I for all time emailed this website post page to alll my associates, for the reason that
    if like to read it afterward my contacts wwill too.

    Alsoo visit my sjte แทงบอล เว็บตรง ไม่ผ่านเอเย่นต์

  • Why viewers still make use of to read news papers when in this technological world
    all is presented on net ?

    Here is my blog post บอลบอลออนไลน์

  • This text is worth everyone’s attention. Where can I find out more ?

    Also visit my blog post : : เว็บพนันบอล

  • Way cool ! Some extremely valid points ! I appreciate you penning this article and
    also the rest of the site is really good.

    Here is my blog : : สมัครแทงบอลออนไลน์

  • Wonderful blog ! I found it while searching on Yahoo News.
    Do you have any suggestions on how to get listed in Yahoo News ?
    I’ve been trying for a while but I never seem
    to get there ! Thanks

    My blog : คาสิโน

  • When I initially commented I seem tto have clicked on the -Notify
    me when new comments are added- checkbox and now whenever a comment is
    added I recieve 4 emails with the exact same comment.

    There has to be an easy method you can remove me
    from that service ? Thank you !

    Also visit my homepage - สมัครแทงบอลออนไลน์

  • On the left, you’ll also find a HDMI 2.0b port.
    Ports : Type-C USB with Thunderbolt four (DisplayPort
    1.4, power supply) ; USB 3.2 Gen2 Type-C (DisplayPort เว็บสล็อต ฝากขั้นต่ํา 1 บาท เว็บตรง.4, power delivery) ; USB 3.2 Gen 2 Type-A, 2 x USB 3.2 Type-A ; HDMI 2.0b, 3.5 mm Combo jack,
    Gigabit Ethernet, SD card slot. A Gigabit Ethernet port permits you to get the fastest connection speeds in online video games whereas the Wi-Fi 6 assist gives decent speeds
    for when you’re unplugged. Sometimes you’d like to get a
    peek into what’s going to be in your plate earlier than you select a restaurant.
    The app denotes whether or not a restaurant is vegan, vegetarian,
    or if it caters to omnivores however has veg-pleasant options.
    There are two port choices to connect with extra shows, including a USB-C and a Thunderbolt 4 port.
    Some options are Free Slots, Pogo, Slots Mamma, and Live Slots
    Direct. You’ll accomplish this by­ inserting spacers, that
    are also included with the motherboard. You’ll see one thing
    taking place on the monitor to point that the motherboard is working.

    Laptops often solely have one port, allowing one monitor in addition to the constructed-in display screen, though there are
    methods to bypass the port limit in some circumstances.

  • These are : Baratheon, Lannister, Stark and Targaryen - names that collection fans will be all too acquainted with.
    The Targaryen free spins function provides you 18 free spins
    with a x2 multiplier - an excellent choice should you love free spins.
    Choose Baratheon free spins for the possibility to
    win massive. It’s a bit like betting crimson or black on roulette, and the chances of you being profitable are 1:1.
    So, it is as much as you whether you need to threat
    your payline win for a 50% probability you might increase
    it. One unique function of the sport of Thrones slot is the option players have
    to gamble each win for the chance to double it.
    Some Apple customers have reported having bother with the soundtrack, when we tested
    it on the latest era handsets the backing observe got here by means of high-quality.
    While you attend the positioning guarantee that you have your booking reference ready to show to the safety guard
    to forestall delays to you and other customers.
    We recommend that households shouldn’t want more than 4 slots within a 4-week interval and advise customers to make every visit
    count by saving waste in case you have house until
    you’ve got a full load.

    Here is my web page ... preslot

  • Experiments on two domains of the MultiDoGO dataset reveal challenges of constraint violation detection and units the stage for future work and enhancements.
    The results from the empirical work show that the brand new ranking mechanism proposed shall be more effective than the previous one in a number of facets.
    Extensive experiments and analyses on the lightweight fashions show that our proposed strategies obtain significantly higher
    scores and considerably enhance the robustness of both intent detection and slot
    filling. Data-Efficient Paraphrase Generation to Bootstrap Intent Classification and Slot Labeling for new Features in Task-Oriented Dialog Systems
    Shailza Jolly creator Tobias Falke author Caglar Tirkaz writer
    Daniil Sorokin creator 2020-dec textual content Proceedings of the
    28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics :
    Industry Track International Committee on Computational Linguistics Online convention publication Recent progress through advanced neural models pushed the efficiency of job-oriented dialog programs to nearly
    good accuracy on existing benchmark datasets for intent
    classification and slot labeling.

    Visit my page ; 15รับ100

  • The Wii U uses internal flash reminiscence for storage.
    There’s additionally a sync button for wireless controllers, and
    a small panel underneath the disc drive pops open to reveal two USB 2.0 ports
    and an SD card slot for expandable storage. Wii Remote, a house button for the Wii OS, a energy button, and a Tv button (extra
    on that later). A single printed Zagat restaurant information for one metropolis costs nearly $16 retail and
    doesn’t have the option to contribute your own feedback at the contact of a button. An alternative choice
    is the Intuit GoPayment, from the identical firm that
    makes QuickBooks accounting software. The identical
    information junkies who used to show to 24-hour cable news to get by-the-minute updates have now
    defected to the Internet for second-by-second news.

    The GamePad can essentially function like a giant Wii Remote,
    since it uses the identical technology. While the
    sooner processor inside the Wii U gives it the power
    to run more advanced games, the true adjustments within the console are all centered on the new GamePad controller.
    Similar to the PlayStation, the CPU in the N64 is a RISC processor.

    Here is my web-site - Slotxo ฝาก15รับ100 ทํายอด200ถอนได้เลย

  • That laptop-ish trait means you will should look
    a bit tougher for Internet entry when you’re out and about, however you won’t must pay a hefty monthly charge for 3G information plans.
    However the iPad and all of its non-Apple tablet competitors
    are under no circumstances an all-encompassing technology for anybody who needs critical
    computing energy. It expands on the thought of what pill computers are alleged to do.
    This display also supplies haptic feedback within the form of vibrations, which provide you
    with tactile confirmation that the tablet is receiving
    your finger presses. Because human flesh (and thus, a finger) is a conductor,
    the display screen can exactly determine where you are pressing and understand the commands you are inputting.
    That straightforward USB port additionally may allow you
    to attach, say, an external exhausting drive, meaning
    you may rapidly entry or again up just about any type of content material, from pictures to textual content, using
    the included File Manager app. And for certain forms of games, such as driving simulators,
    you possibly can turn the tablet again and forth like
    a steering wheel to guide movements inside the game.
    Like its back cowl, the Thrive’s battery can also be replaceable.
    Not solely is this helpful if you will be far
    from a power source for long intervals, nevertheless it also enables you to substitute a new battery for one which
    goes dangerous without having to consult
    the manufacturer.

    Also visit my blog post - โปรสล็อตฝาก20รับ100 วอเลทpg

  • ATM skimming is like identity theft for debit cards : Thieves
    use hidden electronics to steal the personal information saved in your
    card and document your PIN number to access
    all that tough-earned money in your account. If ATM skimming is
    so critical and excessive-tech now, what dangers will
    we face with our debit and credit cards in the future ? Mobile bank card readers
    let customers make a digital swipe. And, as security is always a difficulty in the case of delicate bank card info, we’ll explore among the
    accusations that rivals have made towards other
    merchandise. If the motherboard has onboard video, attempt
    to take away the video card utterly and boot using the onboard model.
    Replacing the motherboard usually requires replacing the heatsink and cooling fan, and
    could change the type of RAM your pc wants, so you’ve got to perform a little research to see what components you have to to buy in this case.

    Feel free to visit my page : : etn Slot ฝาก10รับ100

  • These vary from 2x to 8x for the possibility of a lot larger prizes.
    The Komodo Dragon slot machine’s 50 paylines are mounted and you can select
    from a range of wagers starting from 0.25 to a max guess of 50.00.

    It’s a decent choice on your common gambler however
    it in all probability won’t appeal to the high rollers.
    The line wins are multiplied with the credit you select to guess per line.
    You choose the variety of traces and guess per line which make up the total win. It’s a fearsome ally as it lands in stacks for additional possibilities at
    a number of win strains. It’s potential to attain a full matrix
    of dragon wilds for bumper prizes. Wilds can act as others if they’ll then complete a win, and
    with sufficient in view, you might simply collect a number of prizes on the last spin in a collection. Fans and producers labored onerous to
    avoid wasting the sci-fi series "Quantum Leap" from the notoriously bad eight p.m.
    You’ll additionally get the possibility to land
    stacks of wilds on an excellent multiplier so
    this fearsome creature may grow to be your best
    good friend.

    Also visit my page - ฝาก 1 รับ 100 วอ เลท joker ล่าสุด

  • Software could be found on-line, but may additionally come along with your newly purchased exhausting drive.
    You may even use LocalEats to e book a taxi to take you home when your meal’s finished.
    Or would you like to use a graphics card on the motherboard
    to maintain the worth and dimension down ? But it’s price noting that you’ll simply find Nextbook tablets for sale on-line far beneath their instructed retail price.
    But if you just desire a tablet for mild use, together with e-books and Web surfing, you would possibly
    find that one of those fashions suits your life-style very nicely, and at
    a remarkably low worth, too. Customers within the United States use the Nook app to search out and download new books, while these in Canada interact the Kobo Books app as a substitute.
    Some packages use a dedicated server to ship programming data to
    your DVR pc (which should be related to the Internet, of course), whereas others use an internet browser to entry program data.
    Money Scam Pictures In ATM skimming, thieves use hidden electronics to steal your personal data — then your arduous-earned money.
    You personal player is easier to tote, might be saved securely in your glove field or beneath your seat when you are not in the car and as an additional
    benefit, the smaller device won’t eat batteries
    like a bigger growth field will.

    my page ... รวมเว็บสล็อต ฝาก50รับ100 ล่าสุด

  • So long as you hit the profitable combination from left to right, you may
    be rewarded. If you guess the color right, your winnings might be doubled.
    The primary set of five reels are crossed by 40 paylines,
    and three or extra matching symbols across a line will equal a successful spin. One downside to this method
    is that in addition to having to take your laptop computer laptop with you wherever you journey, you
    will even have to carry a small, but bulky set of speakers.
    There are not any set paylines. The jackpot is value
    12,500 coins and will get triggered throughout the utmost bet spins if you hit 5 Amulets on any of the 243 paylines which were active.
    The gameplay in Pompeii slots is progressive, so
    gamers must wager 5 coins on every reel as an alternative of selecting paylines.

    Since there are 25 paylines, the minimum amount of cash you may wager per spin on the
    Pompeii slot machine is 50 cents, while the maximum is
    $125.

    Feel free to surf to my web page - ฝาก1รับ20ไม่ต้องทํากิจกรรม

  • Now, let’s take a better look on the bank card fraud downside and how chip and PIN
    cuts again on theft. The worldwide commonplace for bank card safety
    known as "chip and PIN," and it is now in American wallets.

    Netflix has created a site referred to as "Living with Spoilers," wherein they propose that spoilers are fun, and we must always
    embrace somewhat than shun them. American inventors have created some of
    a very powerful technological breakthroughs within the history of humankind.

    In 1987, the American Marketing Association started the Edison Awards to encourage and acknowledge inventors.
    His work inspired the annual Edison Awards. The Edison Achievement Award goes to a business govt who stresses progress
    in product improvements, and the Green Award is introduced to
    organizations that stress ecologically sound products.
    Every year, the Edison Awards honor choose people
    and organizations for his or her contributions to product innovation and economic
    development. Keep studying to see 10 merchandise, listed
    in no explicit order, that have been nominated for the 2010 Edison Awards.
    The company claims some customers will see heating expenditures drop by
    more than 60 p.c, which may save tons of of dollars in a single 12 months.

    my homepage เครดิตฟรี100

  • Many gamers favor to download software program to their very
    own system, for ease of use and speedy accessibility.

    Perhaps essentially the most exciting thing in regards to the
    GamePad is how video games use it — let’s take a look at some
    examples. We look out for the most important jackpots and
    bring you the newest information on essentially the most exciting
    titles to play. On our website, there isn’t a need to put
    in extra software or apps to have the ability to play your favorite slot game.
    This can be a high-variance slot sport that is extra probably to draw fans
    of IGT slots such as the mystical Diamond Queen or the cat-themed Kitty Glitter slot.
    The White Orchid slot options a feminine touch with pink and white as the prominent colors.

    Like Red Mansions, the White Orchid slot features a
    large betting range and gamers can start betting with just a coin. Almost all of the web
    casinos supply free versions of their software program so the person can play slot machines.
    The taking part in card symbols are simply just like the playing
    cards that are used to play real money desk games online.
    But there appears to have been no thought put into how simply the cards could be counterfeited (or what a foul thought it is to cross round paper objects
    in the midst of a pandemic).

    Have a look at my blog ; สล็อต เครดิตฟรี ไม่ต้องฝากก่อน ไม่ต้อง แชร์ ยืนยันเบอร์โทรศัพท์

  • Just as with the hard drive, you should use any accessible connector from
    the power supply. If the batteries do run utterly out of juice or
    should you take away them, most units have an inner
    backup battery that gives short-term energy (sometimes 30 minutes or much
    less) till you install a replacement. More than the rest,
    the London Marathon is a cracking good time, with many contributors decked out in costume.
    Classes can value more than $1,800 and personal tutoring may be as much as $6,000.
    Like on different consoles, those apps could be logged into with
    an existing account and be used to stream videos from these companies.
    Videos are additionally saved if the g-sensor senses impact, as
    with all dash cams. While the highest prizes are substantial, they don’t seem to be
    truly progressive jackpots as the name suggest that they might be, however
    we won’t dwell on this and simply get pleasure from the game for what it is.

    Also visit my web site ; ฝาก 10 รับ 100 วอเลท

  • Car sharing decreases air pollution and power dependency. It is the Dyson Air Multiplier,
    one of many funkiest window followers ever to hit planet Earth.
    For the reason that ’60s, viewer campaigns to save lots
    of Tv exhibits have helped purchase packages more
    time on the air. Because they no longer should relay schedule modifications by one other human being, everyone
    can spend more time specializing in different job duties.
    This changes the course of the "equal and opposite reaction."
    If the nozzle directs the water to the precise facet of the craft, the rear
    of the craft pushes to the left. In accordance with Newton’s third law, for every motion, there’s an equal and reverse reaction. This moves the craft because of the precept
    described in Isaac Newton’s third regulation of
    movement. How Rocket Engines Work explains this principle in detail.
    Learn about private watercraft engines and the way engines
    are made quieter. Similar to a lawn mower or a car, private watercraft
    run on two-stroke or 4-stroke engines. Personal watercraft make a very distinctive,
    excessive-pitched sound, which some people really feel disturbs residents,
    wildlife and other boaters. Also, you need
    to test thoroughly proper after installation to catch points
    early, and examine to ensure the amount of RAM you installed
    now exhibits up if you check your system properties.

    Here is my web site ; เว็บ ฝาก 10 รับ 100 ใหม่

  • Mac to search out out what it could actually do-as long as you could have a system on the other finish with parameters
    you find out about, like its interface and maximum protocol pace.
    Plug one end right into a Mac and the opposite end into an SSD or hub that you
    understand the main points of. For example, you will have a Thunderbolt SSD drive that’s rated at 40 Gbps and plug it in to your Mac using an unknown cable with USB-C connectors on each ends.
    I found I might get the exact volume setting I wished in a lot much less time utilizing this than the obligatory laptop quantity keys.

    It involves encoding a 30GB, 1080p MKV file to
    MP4 utilizing the Android Tablet Preset. File this one beneath security danger.
    The Asus ROG Zephyrus S17 is one of the crucial powerful 17-inch gaming
    laptops you should purchase. With three or more, you possibly can have your personal gaming command middle.
    On the other hand, more than 97% of the chunks in ATIS knowledge have just one or two words,
    during which segment (or chunking) is probably
    not a serious problem.

    my site - เครดิตฟรี50

  • For one factor, you get to work from your individual house more often than not.
    Although SGI had by no means designed video recreation hardware before, the
    company was regarded as one of the leaders in laptop graphics expertise.

    So, Nintendo announced an agreement with Silicon Graphics Inc.
    (SGI) to develop a brand new 64-bit video sport system, code-named Project Reality.
    Nintendo is an organization whose very name is synonymous with video gaming.
    Although most boomers are still a good distance from
    desirous about nursing properties, they’re going to be inspired
    to know that the Wii Fit game techniques are even finding their approach
    into those amenities, serving to residents do one thing they by no means may of their youth
    — use a video game to stay limber and robust. Or maybe you need a strong machine with a number of disk area for video modifying.
    Most individuals typically work from their firm’s central location, a
    physical space the place everyone from that group gathers to exchange concepts and arrange
    their efforts.

    Here is my web-site ... สล็อต ฝาก 10 รับ 100 ทำยอด 200

Un message, un commentaire ?

Qui êtes-vous ?
Votre message

Pour créer des paragraphes, laissez simplement des lignes vides.

Archives

Dans la même rubrique

Mots-clés

2003 - 2023 Genre en action
Plan du site | | Contact | RSS 2.0

SPIP